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The mortality rate of patients with HSE who do not receive antiviral treatment is 70%, with most survivors suffering from permanent neurological sequelae. The use of intravenous acyclovir together with improved diagnostic technologies such as PCR and magnetic resonance imaging has resulted in a reduction in the mortality rate to close to 20%.... Jocelyne Piret , Guy Boivin 12 Feb 2020 Review Emerging Tick-Borne Diseases Increases in tick-borne disease prevalence and transmission are important public health issues. Efforts to control these emerging diseases are frustrated by the struggle to control tick populations and to detect and treat infections caused by the pathogens that they transmit. This review covers tick-borne infectious diseases of nonrickettsial bacterial, parasitic, and viral origins. Susan Madison-Antenucci , Laura D. Kramer , Linda L. Gebhardt , Elizabeth Kauffman 2 Jan 2020 Free Acknowledgment of Reviewers Acknowledgment of Reviewers Jo-Anne H. Young 11 Dec 2019 Review Performance of Zika Assays in the Context of Toxoplasma gondii , Parvovirus B19, Rubella Virus, and Cytomegalovirus (TORCH) Diagnostic Assays Infections during pregnancy that may cause congenital abnormalities have been recognized for decades, but their diagnosis is challenging. This was again illustrated with the emergence of Zika virus (ZIKV), highlighting the inherent difficulties in estimating the extent of pre- and postnatal ZIKV complications because of the difficulties in establishing definitive diagnoses. Bettie Voordouw , Barry Rockx , Thomas Jaenisch , Pieter Fraaij , Philippe Mayaud , Ann Vossen , Marion Koopmans 11 Dec 2019 Review Chagas Disease in the United States: a Public Health Approach Trypanosoma cruzi is the etiological agent of Chagas disease, usually transmitted by triatomine vectors. An estimated 20 to 30% of infected individuals develop potentially lethal cardiac or gastrointestinal disease. Sylvatic transmission cycles exist in the southern United States, involving 11 triatomine vector species and infected mammals such as rodents, opossums,... Caryn Bern , Louisa A. Messenger , Jeffrey D. Whitman , James H. Maguire 27 Nov 2019 Review Aspergillus fumigatus and Aspergillosis in 2019 Aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic fungus; its primary habitat is the soil. In its ecological niche, the fungus has learned how to adapt and proliferate in hostile environments. This capacity has helped the fungus to resist and survive against human host defenses and, further, to be responsible for one of the most devastating lung infections in terms of morbidity... Jean-Paul Latgé , Georgios Chamilos 13 Nov 2019 Review The Global Ascendency of OXA-48-Type Carbapenemases Surveillance studies have shown that OXA-48-like carbapenemases are the most common carbapenemases in Enterobacterales in certain regions of the world and are being introduced on a regular basis into regions of nonendemicity, where they are responsible for nosocomial outbreaks. OXA-48, OXA-181, OXA-232, OXA-204, OXA-162, and OXA-244, in that order, are the most common enzymes identified among the OXA-48-like carbapenemase group... Johann D. D. Pitout , Gisele Peirano , Marleen M. Kock , Kathy-Anne Strydom , Yasufumi Matsumura 13 Nov 2019 Review Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis The clinical presentation of brucellosis in humans is variable and unspecific, and thus, laboratory corroboration of the diagnosis is essential for the patient’s proper treatment. The diagnosis of brucellar infections can be made by culture, serological tests, and nucleic acid amplification assays. Pablo Yagupsky , Pilar Morata , Juan D. Colmenero 13 Nov 2019 Review The Role of the BCL-2 Family of Proteins in HIV-1 Pathogenesis and Persistence Advances in HIV-1 therapy have transformed the once fatal infection into a manageable, chronic condition, yet the search for a widely applicable approach to cure remains elusive. The ineffectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in reducing the size of the HIV-1 latent reservoir has prompted investigation into the mechanisms of HIV-1 latency and immune escape. Aswath P. Chandrasekar , Nathan W. Cummins , Andrew D. Badley 30 Oct 2019 Review Tuberculosis Vaccine Development: Progress in Clinical Evaluation Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading killer among all infectious diseases worldwide despite extensive use of the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. A safer and more effective vaccine than BCG is urgently required. More than a dozen TB vaccine candidates are under active evaluation in clinical trials aimed to prevent infection, disease, and... Suraj B. Sable , James E. Posey , Thomas J. Scriba 30 Oct 2019 See all articles​ Submit a Manuscript Submit a Manuscript About CMRDr. Jo-Anne H. Young Editor in ChiefEditorial BoardClinical Microbiology Reviews ® (CMR) analyzes the latest developments in clinical microbiology and immunology, providing the current state of knowledge in the field, as well as balanced, thought-provoking perspectives on controversial issues. For Authors ASM Author Center Editorial Board Dr. Jo-Anne H. Young, Editor in ChiefMost Read Most Cited Treatment of Infections Caused by Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-, AmpC-, and Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Staphylococcal Osteomyelitis: Disease Progression, Treatment Challenges, and Future Directions Understanding Clostridium difficile Colonization Mobile Genetic Elements Associated with Antimicrobial Resistance More... 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